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This package adds LaTeX syntax to REDUCE. Text generated by REDUCE in this mode can be directly used in LaTeX source documents. Various mathematical constructions are supported by the interface including subscripts, superscripts, font changing, Greek letters, divide-bars, integral and sum signs, derivatives, and so on.
High quality typesetting of mathematical formulas is a quite tedious task. One of the most sophisticated typesetting programs for mathematical text TeX [Knu84], together with its widely used macro package LaTeX [Lam86], has a strange syntax of mathematical formulas, especially of the complicated type. This is the main reason which lead us to designing the formula interface between the computer algebra system REDUCE and the document preparation system LaTeX. The other reason is that all available syntaxes of the REDUCE formula output are line oriented and thus not suitable for typesetting in mathematical text. The idea of interfacing a computer algebra system to a typesetting program has already been used, eg. in [Fat87] presenting the TeX output of the MACSYMA computer algebra system.
The formula interface presented here adds to REDUCE the new syntax of formula output, namely LaTeX syntax, and can also be named REDUCE - LaTeX translator. Text generated by REDUCE in this syntax can be directly used in LaTeX source documents. Various mathematical constructions are supported by the interface including subscripts, superscripts, font changing, Greek letters, divide-bars, integral and sum signs, derivatives etc.
The interface can be used in two ways:
for typesetting of results of REDUCE algebraic calculations.
for typesetting of users formulas.
The latter can even be used by users unfamiliar with the REDUCE system, because the REDUCE input syntax of formulas is almost the same as the syntax of the majority of programming languages. We aimed at speeding up the process of formula typesetting, because we are convinced, that the writing of correct complicated formulas in the REDUCE syntax is a much more simpler task than writing them in the LaTeX syntax full of keywords and special characters \, {, ^, etc. It is clear that not every formula produced by the interface is typeset in the best format from an aesthetic point of view. When a user is not satisfied with the result, he can add some LaTeX commands to the REDUCE output - LaTeX input.
The interface is connected to REDUCE by three new switches and several statements. To activate the LaTeX output mode the switch latex must be set on. this switch, similar to the switch fort producing FORTRAN output, being on causes all outputs to be written in the LaTeX syntax of formulas. The switch verbatim is used for input printing control. If it is on input to REDUCE system is typeset in LaTeX verbatim environment after the line containing the string REDUCE Input:.
The switch lasimp controls the algebraic evaluation of input formulas. If it is on every formula is evaluated, simplified and written in the form given by ordinary REDUCE statements and switches such as factor, order, rat etc. In the case when the lasimp switch is off evaluation, simplification or reordering of formulas is not performed and REDUCE acts only as a formula parser and the form of the formula output is exactly the same as that of the input, the only difference remains in the syntax. The mode off lasimp is designed especially for typesetting of formulas for which the user needs preservation of their structure. This switch has no meaning if the switch Latex is off and thus is working only for LaTeX output.
For every identifier used in the typeset REDUCE formula the following properties can be defined by the statement defid:
its printing symbol (Greek letters can be used).
the font in which the symbol will be typeset.
accent which will be typeset above the symbol.
Symbols with indexes are treated in REDUCE as operators. Each index corresponds to an argument of the operator. The meaning of operator arguments (where one wants to typeset them) is declared by the statement defindex. This statement causes the arguments to be typeset as subscripts or superscripts (on left or right-hand side of the operator) or as arguments of the operator.
ttindextype[RLFI]laline"!*variable The statement mathstyle defines the style of formula typesetting. The variable laline!* defines the length of output lines.
The fractions with horizontal divide bars are typeset by using the new REDUCE infix operator //. This operator is not algebraically simplified. During typesetting of powers the checking on the form of the power base and exponent is performed to determine the form of the typeset expression (eg. sqrt symbol, using parentheses).
Some special forms can be typeset by using REDUCE prefix operators. These are as follows:
int - integral of an expression.
dint - definite integral of an expression.
df - derivative of an expression.
pdf - partial derivative of an expression.
sum - sum of expressions.
product - product of expressions.
sqrt - square root of expression.
There are still some problems unsolved in the present version of the interface as follows:
breaking the formulas which do not fit on one line.
automatic decision where to use divide bars in fractions.
distinction of two- or more-character identifiers from the product of one-character symbols.
typesetting of matrices.
After finishing presented interface, we have found another work [ASW89], which solves the same problem. The RLFI package has been described in [DLS90] too.
Warning
The RLFI package can be used only on systems supporting lower case letters with off raise statement. The package distinquishes the upper and lower case letters, so be carefull in typing them. In REDUCE 3.6 the REDUCE commands have to be typed in lower-case while the switch latex is on, in previous versions the commands had to be typed in upper-case.
latex
- If on output is in LaTeX format. It turns off the raise switch if it is set on and on the raise switch if it is set off. By default is off.
lasimp
- If on formulas are evaluated (simplified), REDUCE works as usually. If off no evaluation is performed and the structure of formulas is preserved. By default is on.
verbatim
- If on the REDUCE input, while latex switch being on, is printed in LaTeX verbatim environment. The actual REDUCE input is printed after the line containing the string "REDUCE Input:". It turns on resp. off the echo switch when turned on resp. off. by default is off.
Operators
infix
- //
prefix
- int,dint,df,pdf,sum,product,sqrt and all REDUCE prefix operators defined in the REDUCE kernel and the SOLVE module.
\(\langle \)alg. expression\(\rangle \) //\(\langle \)alg. expression\(\rangle \)
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int(\(\langle \)function\(\rangle \),\(\langle \)variable\(\rangle \))
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dint(\(\langle \)from\(\rangle \),\(\langle \)to\(\rangle \),\(\langle \)function\(\rangle \),\(\langle \)variable\(\rangle \))
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df(\(\langle \)function\(\rangle \),\(\langle \)variables\(\rangle \))
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| \(\langle \)variables\(\rangle \) | ::= | \(\langle \)o-variable\(\rangle \) \(\ \mid \ \) \(\langle \)o-variable\(\rangle \),\(\langle \)variables\(\rangle \) |
| \(\langle \)o-variable\(\rangle \) | ::= | \(\langle \)variable\(\rangle \)\(\ \mid \ \)\(\langle \)variable\(\rangle \) \(\langle \)order\(\rangle \) |
| \(\langle \)variable\(\rangle \) | ::= | \(\langle \)kernel\(\rangle \) |
| \(\langle \)order\(\rangle \) | ::= | \(\langle \)integer\(\rangle \) |
| \(\langle \)function\(\rangle \) | ::= | \(\langle \)alg. expression\(\rangle \) |
| \(\langle \)from\(\rangle \) | ::= | \(\langle \)alg. expression\(\rangle \) |
| \(\langle \)to\(\rangle \) | ::= | \(\langle \)alg. expression\(\rangle \) |
pdf(\(\langle \)function\(\rangle \),\(\langle \)variables\(\rangle \))
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sum(\(\langle \)from\(\rangle \),\(\langle \)to\(\rangle \),\(\langle \)function\(\rangle \))
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product(\(\langle \)from\(\rangle \),\(\langle \)to\(\rangle \),\(\langle \)function\(\rangle \))
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sqrt(\(\langle \)alg. expression\(\rangle \)) | ||
\(\langle \)alg. expression\(\rangle \) is any algebraic expression. Where appropriate, it can include also relational operators (e.g. argument \(\langle \)from\(\rangle \) of sum or product operators is usually equation). \(\langle \)kernel\(\rangle \) is an identifier or prefix operator with arguments as described in section 8.1. The interface supports typesetting lists of algebraic expressions.
Statements
mathstyle\(\langle \)m-style>\(\rangle \) ;
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| \(\langle \)m-style\(\rangle \) | ::= | math\(\ \mid \ \)displaymath\(\ \mid \ \)equation |
defid\(\langle \)identifier\(\rangle \),\(\langle \)d-equations\(\rangle \)
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| \(\langle \)d-equations\(\rangle \) | ::= | \(\langle \)d-equation\(\rangle \) \(\ \mid \ \) \(\langle \)d-equation\(\rangle \),\(\langle \)d-equations\(\rangle \) |
| \(\langle \)d-equation\(\rangle \) | ::= | \(\langle \)d-print symbol\(\rangle \) \(\ \mid \ \) \(\langle \)d-font\(\rangle \) \(\ \mid \ \) \(\langle \)d-accent\(\rangle \) |
| \(\langle \)d-print symbol\(\rangle \) | ::= | name = \(\langle \)print symbol\(\rangle \) |
| \(\langle \)d-font\(\rangle \) | ::= | font = \(\langle \)font\(\rangle \) |
| \(\langle \)d-accent\(\rangle \) | ::= | accent = \(\langle \)accent\(\rangle \) |
| \(\langle \)print symbol\(\rangle \) | ::= | \(\langle \)character\(\rangle \) \(\ \mid \ \) \(\langle \)special symbol\(\rangle \) |
| \(\langle \)special symbol\(\rangle \) | ::= | alpha\(\ \mid \ \)beta\(\ \mid \ \)gamma\(\ \mid \ \)delta\(\ \mid \ \)epsilon\(\ \mid \ \) |
| varepsilon\(\ \mid \ \)zeta\(\ \mid \ \)eta\(\ \mid \ \)theta\(\ \mid \ \)vartheta\(\ \mid \ \) | ||
| iota\(\ \mid \ \)kappa\(\ \mid \ \)lambda\(\ \mid \ \)mu\(\ \mid \ \)nu\(\ \mid \ \)xi\(\ \mid \ \)pi\(\ \mid \ \) | ||
| varpi\(\ \mid \ \)rho\(\ \mid \ \)varrho\(\ \mid \ \)sigma\(\ \mid \ \)varsigma\(\ \mid \ \) | ||
| tau\(\ \mid \ \)upsilon\(\ \mid \ \)phi\(\ \mid \ \)varphi\(\ \mid \ \)chi\(\ \mid \ \)psi\(\ \mid \ \) | ||
| omega\(\ \mid \ \)Gamma\(\ \mid \ \)Delta\(\ \mid \ \)Theta\(\ \mid \ \)Lambda\(\ \mid \ \)Xi\(\ \mid \ \) | ||
| Pi\(\ \mid \ \)Sigma\(\ \mid \ \)Upsilon\(\ \mid \ \)Phi\(\ \mid \ \)Psi\(\ \mid \ \)Omega\(\ \mid \ \) | ||
| infty\(\ \mid \ \)hbar | ||
| \(\langle \)font\(\rangle \) | ::= | bold\(\ \mid \ \)roman |
| \(\langle \)accent\(\rangle \) | ::= | hat\(\ \mid \ \)check\(\ \mid \ \)breve\(\ \mid \ \)acute\(\ \mid \ \)grave\(\ \mid \ \)tilde\(\ \mid \ \) |
| bar\(\ \mid \ \)vec\(\ \mid \ \)dot\(\ \mid \ \)ddot | ||
For special symbols and accents see [Lam86], p. 43, 45, 51.
defindex\(\langle \)d-operators\(\rangle \) ;
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| \(\langle \)d-operators\(\rangle \) | ::= | \(\langle \)d-operator\(\rangle \) \(\ \mid \ \) \(\langle \)d-operator\(\rangle \),\(\langle \)d-operators\(\rangle \) |
| \(\langle \)d-operator\(\rangle \) | ::= | \(\langle \)prefix operator\(\rangle \)(\(\langle \)descriptions\(\rangle \)) |
| \(\langle \)prefix operator\(\rangle \) | ::= | \(\langle \)identifier\(\rangle \) |
| \(\langle \)descriptions\(\rangle \) | ::= | \(\langle \)description\(\rangle \) \(\ \mid \ \) \(\langle \)description\(\rangle \),\(\langle \)descriptions\(\rangle \) |
| \(\langle \)description\(\rangle \) | ::= | arg\(\ \mid \ \)up\(\ \mid \ \)down\(\ \mid \ \)leftup\(\ \mid \ \)leftdown |
The meaning of the statements is briefly described in the preceding text.
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